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A Layperson's View of Future Technology and Society
A Clone Again, Unnaturally
Cloning scares me. Then again, so do spiders. What I found after my brief research into this area of biotechnology, is that there are different types of cloning. And just like spiders, there are some types of cloning that I should be wary of, but many may be considered beneficial.
There are plenty of moral and ethical concerns associated with cloning. A good understanding of the basic science and processes that lay behind cloning and what they can do, will help us make better decisions regarding its use.
What is Cloning?
Cloning is an umbrella term to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.
When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called "reproductive cloning". There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism.
A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions.
Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology.
Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease.
DNA Cloning
The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning" or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today.
Cloning Animals
Farmers and ranchers are cloning animals for the same reason they selectively breed them, to reproduce better livestock. This type of cloning is an assisted reproductive technology that allows livestock breeders and others to create identical twins of their best animals. This breeding technique does not change the genetic make-up of the animal.
Cloning Humans
Should humans be cloned? Physicians from the American Medical Association and scientists with the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public statements advising against human reproductive cloning. Currently, the U.S. Congress is considering the passage of legislation that could ban human cloning.
Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable offspring for every 100 experiments) and the lack of understanding about reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are affected with "large offspring syndrome" and other debilitating conditions. Several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications.
The same problems would be expected in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. While factors such as intellect and mood may not be as important for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible.
Ethical Concerns of Cloning
The announcement of Dolly sparked widespread speculation about a human child being created using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Much of the perceived fear that greeted this announcement, centered on the misperception that a child or many children could be produced who would be identical to an already existing person. This fear is based on the idea of "genetic determinism" -- that genes alone determine all aspects of an individual -- and reflects the belief that a person's genes bear a simple relationship to the physical and psychological traits that compose that individual. Although genes play an essential role in the formation of physical and behavioral characteristics, each individual is, in fact, the result of a complex interaction between his or her genes and the environment within which he or she develops.
Source: Genome.gov
Cloning to Save Endangered Species
Some people see cloning as a way to remedy the problem of endangered species, and to reproduce those that have already disappeared.
Ten extinct beasts that could walk the Earth again
First wolves are cloned in South Korea
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Cloning Articles, Blogs and Web Sites
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These links were verified by a human on 09.20.11
| Title | Source | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Could Ancient Giants Be Cloned? | Valley News | 01/13 |
| Brazil's remedy for extinction: cloning | Global Post | 12/12 |
| Japanese scientists to resurrect extinct woolly mammoth from frozen DNA | Daily Mail | 01/11 |
| In one niche, the risk to women is too great | Boston Globe | 11/10 |
| EU Nears Ban on Animal Cloning | WSJ | 10/10 |
| Fertile mice created from skin cells | New Scientist | 08/09 |
| Artificial Life One Step Closer | Science Daily | 08/09 |
| Cloning | American Fertility Association | 05/09 |
| Cloning: Right or Wrong | Serendip | 04/08 |
| Cloning | SkewsMe | 05/07 |
| Scientists create a sheep that's 15% human | The Mail | 03/07 |
| The Perils of Cloning | Time | 07/06 |
| Human cloning is perhaps the most controversial reproductive technology | CBC News | 12/04 |
| Title | Description |
|---|---|
| Cloned animal images | Guardian |
| Cloning | Wikipedia |
| Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells | Genome.gov |
| Cloning Fact Sheet | ORNL |
| Cloning resources | NIH |
| Genetic Science Learning Center | University of Utah |
| How Cloning Works | HowStuffWorks |
| Human Cloning - the Risks | BioNet |
| What Are the Risks of Cloning? | University of Utah |
| Article | Sources |
|---|---|
| A Clone Again, Unnaturally | Article by ffa Image is licensed photo from istock.com |
| What is Cloning? | Article paraphrased from ornl.gov |
| Dolly | Image from Wikimedia Commons |
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